{"id":4021,"date":"2024-12-13T08:53:13","date_gmt":"2024-12-13T08:53:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/?page_id=4021"},"modified":"2025-05-08T07:04:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-08T07:04:45","slug":"planetas-noverosana-no-kosmosa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/lauku-monitorings-no-satelita\/planetas-noverosana-no-kosmosa\/","title":{"rendered":"Plan\u0113tas nov\u0113ro\u0161ana no kosmosa da\u017e\u0101du nozaru vajadz\u012bb\u0101m"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ko dod un k\u0101 darbojas sava lauka, d\u0101rza vai me\u017ea nov\u0113ro\u0161ana no satel\u012bta ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Satel\u012bts dod iesp\u0113ju att\u0101lin\u0101ti ieg\u016bt inform\u0101ciju par ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, augsnes mitrumu, \u016bdens pietiekam\u012bbu augos, augsnes strukt\u016bru u.c. lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 un me\u017esaimniec\u012bb\u0101 izmantojam\u0101s zemes raksturlielumiem, kas var pal\u012bdz\u0113t l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101. No satel\u012bta ieg\u016btie att\u0113li un dati par attiec\u012bg\u0101s teritorijas sp\u0113j\u0101m absorb\u0113t vai atstarot saules da\u017e\u0101da garuma gaismas vi\u013c\u0146us dod iesp\u0113ju veikt teritorijas nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu gan ar matem\u0101tisk\u0101s apstr\u0101des metod\u0113m, gan vizu\u0101li – t.i. apskat\u012bt savu lauku gan, k\u0101 to redz cilv\u0113ka acs, gan ar datorprogrammu pal\u012bdz\u012bbu att\u0113lojot datus ar kr\u0101su gammu. Latviski metodiku datu ieg\u016b\u0161anai un atspogu\u013co\u0161anai no satel\u012bta (vai ar\u012b drona) sauc par Att\u0101lin\u0101to zond\u0113\u0161anu<\/strong> ( Angl. Remote Sensing<\/em> )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satel\u012bta datus var izmantot ar\u012b pier\u0101dot nelabv\u0113l\u012bgu laika apst\u0101k\u013cu, piem\u0113ram salnu ietekmi uz d\u0101rzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satel\u012btu izmanto\u0161ana un zemes att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101 zond\u0113\u0161ana – priek\u0161v\u0113sture<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

M\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumi nov\u0113rt\u0113t Zemi \u201cno aug\u0161as\u201d ar foto att\u0113lu pal\u012bdz\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b atrast likumsakar\u012bbas analiz\u0113jot zemes nov\u0113rojumus da\u017e\u0101du gaismas vi\u013c\u0146u garumos s\u0101k\u0101s ar pirmo satel\u012btu palai\u0161anu 20.g.s. 50 gadu beig\u0101s. 1972.g. ASV uzs\u0101ka  zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anas programmu \u201cLandsat\u201d , kuras ietvaros tika palaists Landsat1 satel\u012bts. Lai standartiz\u0113tu ieg\u016btos datus un piel\u0101gotu tos praktiskai izmanto\u0161anai tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ta  anal\u012bzes metodika, kas balst\u0101s uz teritorijas, kurai satel\u012bts lido p\u0101ri, sp\u0113j\u0101m absorb\u0113t vai atstarot da\u017e\u0101da garuma gaismas vi\u013c\u0146us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Priek\u0161statu par plan\u0113tas virsmu var g\u016bt ar foto att\u0113lu pal\u012bdz\u012bbu apskatot zemi cilv\u0113ka acij redzam\u0101 gaism\u0101. Tom\u0113r daudz vair\u0101k inform\u0101cijas var g\u016bt no datiem, ko sniedz cilv\u0113ka acij neredzamie gaismas spektri. Lai \u0161o inform\u0101ciju atspogu\u013cotu ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ta virkne raksturlielumu – indeksu, kas raksturotu  plan\u0113tas ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, augsni, j\u016bras un oke\u0101nus, urb\u0101no vidi, meteo apst\u0101k\u013cus un citus raksturlielumus, atbilsto\u0161i attiec\u012bg\u0101s  nozares vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Veicot \u0161o datu anal\u012bzi, var noteikt, k\u0101 main\u0101s plan\u0113tas ve\u0123et\u0101cija, analiz\u0113t glob\u0101l\u0101s sasil\u0161anas ietekmi, j\u016bru un oke\u0101nu st\u0101vokli, veikt me\u017eu plat\u012bbu anal\u012bzi, identific\u0113t me\u017eu ugunsgr\u0113ku izcelsmes vietas, identific\u0113t urb\u0101no pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu, un g\u016bt daudz citu datu par m\u016bsu zemi .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lauksaimniec\u012bbas un me\u017esaimniec\u012bbas vajadz\u012bb\u0101m praktiska ir izr\u0101d\u012bjusies Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas anal\u012bzes metodika, kur\u0101 izmanto t\u0101 sauktos Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus. Pla\u0161\u0101k izmantotais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss ir NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index <\/em>), ko s\u0101ka pla\u0161\u0101k pielietot 70-to gadu s\u0101kum\u0101 (Vair\u0101k inform\u0101cijas par indeksiem un to noz\u012bmi sk. zem\u0101k<\/em>)  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2014.gad\u0101 Eiropas Savien\u012bb\u0101, Zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anas Kosmosa programmas ietvaros,  s\u0101ka darboties Kopernikus (Copernicus) programma. T\u0101s ietvaros orb\u012bt\u0101 ir palaisti vair\u0101ki t\u0101 sauktie Sentinel satel\u012bti ar da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m nov\u0113ro\u0161anas misij\u0101m. Lauksaimniec\u012bbas nozaru un zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s izp\u0113tes vajadz\u012bb\u0101m galvenok\u0101rt tiek izmantoti dati no Sentinel-2 satel\u012btu p\u0101ra Sentinel-2 L2A misijas, ka ir speci\u0101li piel\u0101gots lauksaimniec\u012bbas datu v\u0101k\u0161anai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kopum\u0101 pasaul\u0113 \u0161obr\u012bd darbojas vair\u0101ki zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anas projekti, ko veic gandr\u012bz katra valsts, kas  ir sp\u0113jusi palaist orb\u012bt\u0101 satel\u012btu, k\u0101 ar\u012b priv\u0101t\u0101s strukt\u016bras. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca programmu ir ar ierobe\u017eotu pieeju datiem vai ar\u012b par tiem ir j\u0101maks\u0101, vai ar\u012b pieeja ir tikai ierobe\u017eotam datu apjomam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

LAA AgriSat pied\u0101v\u0101jum\u0101 ir iek\u013cauti Copernicus misijas publiski pieejamie dati, k\u0101 ar\u012b da\u017e\u0101du p\u0113tniecisko organiz\u0101ciju un entuziastu izstr\u0101d\u0101tas metodes to apstr\u0101dei un att\u0113lo\u0161anai zemkopim saprotam\u0101 form\u0101.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darb\u012bbas principi un datu apstr\u0101des metodes <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ka min\u0113ts iepriek\u0161, satel\u012bta datu atspogu\u013co\u0161anai pamat\u0101 tiek izmantoti indeksi<\/strong> – tie ir apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ti lielumi, kas atspogu\u013co nov\u0113rojam\u0101s teritorijas sp\u0113ju absorb\u0113t vai atstarot da\u017e\u0101da garuma gaismas vi\u013c\u0146us. V\u0113rojot un sal\u012bdzinot savu lauku vai d\u0101rzu da\u017e\u0101dos datumos p\u0113c\u00a0indeksu v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m atsevi\u0161\u0137os lauka sektoros, var secin\u0101t par izmai\u0146\u0101m ve\u0123et\u0101cij\u0101, ap\u016bde\u0146o\u0161anas nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu, miner\u0101lvielu tr\u016bkumu un cit\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m lauk\u0101 vai d\u0101rz\u0101. Lab\u0101kai p\u0101rskat\u0101m\u012bbai Indeksu v\u0113rt\u012bbas tiek atspogu\u013cotas uz lauka\/d\u0101rza digit\u0101l\u0101s kartes ar da\u017e\u0101du kr\u0101su gammu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 un me\u017esaimniec\u012bb\u0101 popul\u0101rakie ir t\u0101 sauktie Ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksi – NDVI, EVI, SAVI mitruma nov\u0113rt\u0113juma indeksi MI un MSI, k\u0101 ar\u012b da\u017ei citi specifiski indeksi, kas izstr\u0101d\u0101ti konkr\u0113tai teritorijai vai vajadz\u012bbai. Piem\u0113ram, skatoties uz lauku caur filtru, kas atspogu\u013co Mitruma stresa indeksu (MSI) vai Mitruma indeksu (MI) var secin\u0101t, kur\u0101 lauka da\u013ca ir \u016bdens tr\u016bkums. Savuk\u0101rt sal\u012bdzinot ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus NDVI, EVI, SAVI u.c., p\u0113c v\u0113rt\u012bbu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m, ( var atspogu\u013cot gan ar skaitlisk\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, gan kr\u0101su gammu<\/em>) laika period\u0101 var secin\u0101t par probl\u0113mu ra\u0161anos k\u0101d\u0101 lauka da\u013c\u0101. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piem\u0113ram, ja skatoties caur NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bbas atspogu\u013cojo\u0161u kr\u0101su skalu, k\u0101da lauka da\u013ca, kas bija tum\u0161i za\u013ca ( liel\u0101koties NDVI atspogu\u013co ar za\u013co krasu gammu<\/em> ), k\u013cuvusi gai\u0161\u0101k za\u013ca, tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka taj\u0101 viet\u0101 samazin\u0101jies ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss un ieteicams \u0161ai vietai piev\u0113rst uzman\u012bbu, lai noskaidrotu c\u0113loni. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par izmain\u0101m lauk\u0101 var spriest to apskatot ar\u012b dab\u012bgaj\u0101 gaism\u0101 vai citiem filtriem. (Sk.piem\u0113rus zem\u0101k<\/a><\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NDVI indeksa apr\u0113\u0137ina piem\u0113rs <\/h6>\n\n\n\n

NDVI (angl. – Normalized difference vegetation index <\/em>) atspogu\u013co saules gaismas atstaro\u0161anas \/ absorbcijas proporciju infrasarkan\u0101s gaismas (IR no<\/em> ang\u013cu Infra Red<\/em>) un cilv\u0113ka acij redzam\u0101s sarkan\u0101s gaismas spektros. Indeksu apr\u0113\u0137ina p\u0113c formulas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NDVI=(NIR – Red) \/ (NIR + Red)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kur<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NIR- (Near Infra Red) Infrasarkan\u0101s gaismas atstaro\u0161ana (%)<\/em>,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Red- sarkan\u0101s (redzam\u0101s) gaismas atstaro\u0161ana (%) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Formulas pamat\u0101 ir princips, kas balst\u0101s uz nov\u0113rojumiem, ka vesel\u012bgs augs ar augstu hlorofila saturu absorb\u0113 redzamo gaismu , \u012bpa\u0161i sarkan\u0101s gaismas spektr\u0101, bet atstaro za\u013c\u0101s un infrasarkan\u0101s gaismas vi\u013c\u0146us. Jo vair\u0101k hlorofila un vesel\u012bg\u0101ka lapas strukt\u016bra jo augst\u0101ka b\u016bs NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bba.  NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bba ir robe\u017e\u0101s no 1 l\u012bdz (-1). Pozit\u012bvas NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bbas kopum\u0101 pie\u0146emts interpret\u0113t sekojo\u0161i :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bba<\/strong> (kas ir >0)<\/em><\/th>Interpret\u0101cija<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
<0.1<\/td>Kaila zeme, bez ve\u0123et\u0101cijas<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
0.1 \u2013 0.2<\/td>Gandr\u012bz nav augu valsts seguma<\/td><\/tr>
0.2 \u2013 0.3<\/td>\u013boti neliels  augu segums<\/td><\/tr>
0.3 \u2013 0.4<\/td>Neliels augu segums  vai zems hlorofila saturs pie norm\u0101la augu seguma (nevesel\u012bgi augi) vai v\u0101j\u0161 augu segums ar augstu hlorofilu<\/td><\/tr>
0.4 \u2013 0.5<\/td>Neliels – vid\u0113js augu segums  vai vai vid\u0113ji zems hlorofila saturs pie norm\u0101la augu seguma (nevesel\u012bgi augi, s\u0101ku\u0161\u0101s izmai\u0146as augu strukt\u016br\u0101) vai vid\u0113ji intens\u012bvs augu segums ar augstu hlorofilu<\/td><\/tr>
0.5 \u2013 0.6<\/td>Vid\u0113ji intens\u012bvs augu valsts segums ar vid\u0113ju hlorofila saturu vai ar\u012b attiec\u012bgi intens\u012bv\u0101ks segums ar maz\u0101k hlorofilu vai maz\u0101k hlorofila un vid\u0113ji intens\u012bvs segums. Norm\u0101la , vesel\u012bga lauka apak\u0161\u0113j\u0101 robe\u017ea (atkar\u012bgs ar\u012b kura sezonas posm\u0101 ir veikts nov\u0113rojums) <\/td><\/tr>
0.6 \u2013 0.7<\/td>Vid\u0113jas \u2013 augstas intensit\u0101tes augu valsts segums ar vid\u0113ju – augstu hlorofila saturu vai ar\u012b attiec\u012bgi intens\u012bv\u0101ks segums ar maz\u0101k hlorofilu vai maz\u0101k hlorofila un augst\u0101kas intensit\u0101tes  segumu. Norm\u0101ls  vesel\u012bgs lauks vai d\u0101rzs Latvijas apst\u0101k\u013ciem .  <\/td><\/tr>
0.7 \u2013 0.8<\/td>Intens\u012bvs  augu valsts segums ar augstu hlorofila saturu. Norm\u0101ls, vesel\u012bgs lauks vai d\u0101rzs<\/td><\/tr>
0.8 \u2013 0.9<\/td>\u013boti intens\u012bvs  augu valsts segums ar augstu hlorofila saturu. Norm\u0101ls, vesel\u012bgs lauks vai d\u0101rzs<\/td><\/tr>
0.9 \u2013 1.0<\/td>Super  intens\u012bvs  augu valsts segums ar augstu hlorofila saturu (piem\u0113ram Lietus me\u017ei Braz\u012blij\u0101), vai ar\u012b iesp\u0113jama k\u013c\u016bda m\u0113r\u012bjumos d\u0113\u013c atmosf\u0113ras trauc\u0113jumiem vai cita iemesla d\u0113\u013c<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Negat\u012bvas NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bbas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka apak\u0161\u0101 visdr\u012bz\u0101k ir \u016bdens, sniegs, m\u0101ko\u0146i, mitra klin\u0161aina zeme . <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rad\u012bt\u0101ji NDVI 0.5-0.9 var vari\u0113t da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m un to var ietekm\u0113t vair\u0101ki faktori piem. atmosf\u0113ras pies\u0101r\u0146ojums, sezona, augsnes atstarot sp\u0113ja u.c. \u0160o faktoru ietekme, \u012bpa\u0161i d\u0101rzkop\u012bb\u0101, v\u0113l ir sam\u0113ra maz p\u0113t\u012bti. Da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m ir rakstur\u012bgas da\u017e\u0101das NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bbas,  piem\u0113ram graudu lauk\u0101 sal\u012bdzinot ar \u0101be\u013cd\u0101rzu “vesel\u012bguma” rad\u012bt\u0101js var stipri at\u0161\u0137irties indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbas zi\u0146\u0101. Lai ieg\u016btu p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas prec\u012bz\u0101kus datus, bez visp\u0101rpie\u0146emt\u0101 NDVI indeksa ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ti da\u017e\u0101di uzlaboti indeksi, (EVI, SAVI u.c., s\u012bk\u0101k sk. zem\u0101k<\/em>) kur apr\u0113\u0137inos \u0146emti v\u0113r\u0101 iepriek\u0161min\u0113tie faktori. Galvenais veids \u0161o datu izmanto\u0161an\u0101 ir – ja nov\u0113rotaj\u0101 teritorij\u0101 k\u0101d\u0101 sektor\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba da\u017eu dienu vai nov\u0113rojumu laik\u0101 main\u0101s vair\u0101k par 0.05-0.1 vien\u012bb\u0101m, \u0161ai vietai ir v\u0113rts piev\u0113rst uzman\u012bbu, lai saprastu c\u0113loni.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi apr\u0113\u0137ina un izmanto ar\u012b citus ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus piem. EVI, SAVI u.c<\/em>. Ar\u012b cit\u0101s nozar\u0113s izmantotie indeksi tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ti l\u012bdz\u012bgi, izmantojot nozares vajadz\u012bb\u0101m rakstur\u012bgus gaismas vi\u013c\u0146u diapazonus un izstr\u0101d\u0101jot attiec\u012bgu apr\u0113\u0137inu metodiku . <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kopum\u0101 vizu\u0101los datu atspogu\u013cojumus no Satel\u012bta var iedal\u012bt 2 nosac\u012bt\u0101s grup\u0101s :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Att\u0113li dab\u012bgaj\u0101 gaism\u0101 vai redzam\u0101s gaismas spektros.<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Tie ir att\u0113li, kas p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas ir “foto no apm\u0113ram 780 km augstuma”, t.i. it k\u0101 zemi k\u0101ds fotograf\u0113tu atrodoties uz satel\u012bta. Apstr\u0101d\u0101jot att\u0113lus ar attiec\u012bgu datorprogrammu ir iesp\u0113jams main\u012bt k\u0101das kr\u0101sas intensit\u0101ti, lai lab\u0101k akcent\u0113tu atsevi\u0161\u0137as deta\u013cas , piem\u0113ram padar\u012bt att\u0113lu tum\u0161\u0101ku\/gai\u0161\u0101ku, main\u012bt kontrastu, uzsv\u0113rt k\u0101du kr\u0101su utt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piem\u0113rs. <\/strong> Dobeles DI eksperimentalais d\u0101rzs no Sentinel-2 2024.g.30.j\u016bnij\u0101. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Att\u0113ls dab\u012bgaj\u0101 gaism\u0101 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Att\u0113ls ar optimiz\u0113tu kontrastu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Att\u0113ls ar akcent\u0113tu sarkan\u0101s un za\u013c\u0101s gaismas spektra da\u013cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Att\u0113ls ar akcent\u0113tu infrasarkan\u0101s un zil\u0101s gaismas spektra da\u013cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2. Indeksu v\u0113rt\u012bbu sl\u0101\u0146i uz att\u0113la.<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 par pamatu tiek \u0146emta karte vai attiec\u012bg\u0101s teritorijas foto un uz t\u0101 ar datora pal\u012bdz\u012bbu “uzkl\u0101ts” indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbu sl\u0101nis jeb filtrs. <\/strong>Pie\u0161\u0137irot katrai v\u0113rt\u012bbai k\u0101du kr\u0101su ir iesp\u0113jams ieg\u016bt indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbu karti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piem\u0113rs. <\/strong> Tas pats Dobeles DI eksperiment\u0101lais d\u0101rzs no Sentinel-2 2024.g.30.j\u016bnij\u0101. Uz att\u0113la “uzkl\u0101tas” da\u017e\u0101du indeksu v\u0113rt\u012bbas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NDVI<\/strong> – Normaliz\u0113tais ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss (angl. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)<\/em>. Jo tum\u0161i za\u013c\u0101ka kr\u0101sa jo liel\u0101ka NDVI v\u0113rt\u012bba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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EVI<\/strong>– (Enhanced Vegetation Index)<\/em> filtrs\u2013 t\u0101 ir optimiz\u0113ts NDVI \u0146emot v\u0113ra atmosf\u0113ras un zemes virsmas rad\u012btas korekcijas. Latvijas apst\u0101k\u013cos t\u0101 var\u0113tu b\u016bt pat piem\u0113rot\u0101ka par NDVI jo dod detaliz\u0113t\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju par lauku. Ja sal\u012bdzina att\u0113lus redzams ka da\u017e\u0101s vietas, kas NDVI att\u0113l\u0101 ir vienlaidus za\u013cas EVI redzama v\u0113rt\u012bbu (kr\u0101su) at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba. T\u0101pat k\u0101 NDVI ar\u012b EVI – jo tum\u0161i za\u013c\u0101ka kr\u0101sa jo liel\u0101ka EVI v\u0113rt\u012bba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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SAVI <\/strong>– Augsnei piel\u0101gots ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indekss (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index)<\/em>. T\u0101pat k\u0101 EVI \u0161is pamat\u0101 ir NDVI indekss, kuram \u0161ai gad\u012bjum\u0101 pielietota korekcija, lai nov\u0113rstu neprecizit\u0101tes, ko var rad\u012bt atstaro\u0161an\u0101s no augsnes. Da\u017e\u0101du kult\u016bru izv\u0113rt\u0113jamam j\u0101piemekl\u0113 t\u0101ds indekss, kas vislab\u0101k atspogu\u013co izmai\u0146as da\u017e\u0101dos lauka sektoros. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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BSI<\/strong> – Neaugl\u012bgas jeb kailas augsnes indekss (Baren soil index<\/em>) atspogu\u013co visu ve\u0123et\u0101ciju za\u013c\u0101 kr\u0101s\u0101 un zemi bez apauguma sarkan\u0101 kr\u0101s\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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NDMI<\/strong> Mitruma at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas indekss<\/strong> ( Normalized Difference Moisture Index <\/em>) izmanto, lai uzraudz\u012btu \u016bdens satura izmai\u0146as augu lap\u0101s. Indekss ir piem\u0113rots sausuma monitoringam, k\u0101 ar\u012b, lai noteiktu \u016bdens pietiekam\u012bbu augos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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MSI – (Moisture Stress index) <\/em>ir vienk\u0101r\u0161ots NDMI indekss, speci\u0101li irig\u0101cijas vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Indeksa v\u0113rt\u012bbas tiek atspogu\u013cotas ar 4 kr\u0101s\u0101m. Balta – sauss sektors, Gai\u0161i zila- zems mitruma daudzums, Zila – vid\u0113js mitruma daudzums, Tum\u0161i zila – pietieko\u0161s mitruma daudzums<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tehnolo\u0123isk\u0101s iesp\u0113jas un ierobe\u017eojumi, kas j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 izmantojot Copernicus datus<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja. <\/strong>Popul\u0101r\u0101 Google maps<\/em> satel\u012bta att\u0113lu iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja lauku apvid\u016b vid\u0113ji ir 1m2<\/sup> (sk.att\u0113lu zem\u0101k)<\/em> Satel\u012btiem vai misij\u0101m, kas paredz\u0113ti lauksaimniec\u012bbas zemju monitoringam parasti iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja ir 3x3m (9m2<\/sup>) vai 5x5m(25m2<\/sup>) . Atsevi\u0161\u0137os gad\u012bjumos 1.5 x 1.5 vai 2×2 m. Lai ar\u012b \u0161\u0101da iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja nedod iesp\u0113ju detaliz\u0113ti apskat\u012bt nelielas plat\u012bbas un piem\u0113ram aug\u013cu d\u0101rz\u0101 ar \u0161\u0101du iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju nevar\u0113s identific\u0113t probl\u0113mu uz viena konkr\u0113ta koka, tom\u0113r par lauka kop\u0113jo st\u0101vokli t\u0101 dod pietieko\u0161u inform\u0101ciju, lai noteiktu probl\u0113mas vai v\u0113rt\u0113tu k\u0101du lauka\/ d\u0101rza sektora st\u0101vokli. Att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101s zond\u0113\u0161anas metodes vislab\u0101k izmantot teritorij\u0101s s\u0101kot no 1 Ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam. Pa kreisi ir no Sentinel -2 misijas uz\u0146emts att\u0113\u013cs ar iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju 9m2<\/sup> (pix=3x3m) 2024.g.30.j\u016bnij\u0101 . Pa labi att\u0113ls no Google maps, uz\u0146emts no Google satel\u012bta kaut kad pavasar\u012b, aptuveni posm\u0101 no 2020 – 2023 gadam, iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ja ap 1m2<\/sup> (pix=1x1m) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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K\u0101 min\u0113ts iepriek\u0161, satel\u012btus zemes nov\u0113ro\u0161anai ir palaidu\u0161as daudzas valstis un organiz\u0101cijas. Ir satel\u012bti kas sp\u0113j ieg\u016bt att\u0113lus ar 10×10 cm iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju. Tom\u0113r liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca \u0161\u0101du datu nav publiski pieejami. Savuk\u0101rt tie dati, kas ir pieejami, ir neregul\u0101ri un ar\u012b to izmaksas ir no 100+ EUR l\u012bdz vair\u0101kiem t\u016bksto\u0161iem EUR par att\u0113lu. Katr\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 uz \u0161o br\u012bdi pieeja \u013coti prec\u012bziem datiem nav izmantojama ikdienas monitoring\u0101. Piem\u0113ram – neb\u016bs labuma ja tiek ieg\u016bts att\u0113ls ar \u013coti augstu iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113ju, (pat t\u0101 ka var saskat\u012bt atsevi\u0161\u0137us zarus uz koka ), ja sezonas laik\u0101 pieejami tikai 2 \u0161\u0101di att\u0113li. Iesp\u0113jams, ka tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m ar laiku att\u012bstoties, ar\u012b \u013coti augstas iz\u0161\u0137irtsp\u0113jas att\u0113li k\u013c\u016bs pieejami patst\u0101v\u012bgam monitoringam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apri\u0146\u0137ojuma bie\u017eums<\/strong>. Atkar\u012bba no misijas un orb\u012btas Sentinel satel\u012bts p\u0101rlido konkr\u0113tu vietu reizi vair\u0101k\u0101s dien\u0101s. L\u012bdz ar to j\u0101r\u0113\u0137in\u0101s, ka konkr\u0113t\u0101 lauka att\u0113ls b\u016bs pieejams ik pa da\u017e\u0101m dien\u0101m. Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam \u2013 Google maps satel\u012bta att\u0113la karte tiek atjaunota vid\u0113ji reizi 2 gados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Datu \/ att\u0113la ieg\u016b\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013ci.<\/strong> Pat ja satel\u012bts veic datu ierakstu vai foto virs j\u016bsu lauka, j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 meteo apst\u0101k\u013ci konkr\u0113taj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b. Piem\u0113ram kvalitat\u012bva att\u0113la ieg\u016b\u0161anai m\u0101ko\u0146u daudzumam j\u0101b\u016bt l\u012bdz 30%. Pret\u0113j\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 att\u0113l\u0101 b\u016bs redzama tikai balta m\u0101ko\u0146sega. T\u0101pat ir noz\u012bme, kur\u0101 diennakts laik\u0101 satel\u012bts atrodas virs konkr\u0113t\u0101 lauka. Piem\u0113ram Dobeles DI lauks 23.04.2024 izskat\u012bsies \u0161\u0101di<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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M\u0101ko\u0146u sega un meteo apst\u0101k\u013ci trauc\u0113 ar\u012b datu ieg\u016b\u0161anai indeksu apr\u0113\u0137iniem. Lai ar\u012b ir tehnolo\u0123ijas, kas sp\u0113j ieg\u016bt datus noteiktos gaismas vi\u013c\u0146u spektros, neatkar\u012bgi no meteo apst\u0101k\u013ciem, tom\u0113r t\u0101s ir noder\u012bgas tikai \u013coti lielu teritoriju anal\u012bzei un \u0161obr\u012bd tiek izmantotas p\u0101rsvar\u0101 klimata izmai\u0146u monitoringam. Ar laiku, att\u012bstoties tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m, iesp\u0113jams tiks atrisin\u0101ta ar\u012b datu ieg\u016b\u0161ana jebkuros laika apst\u0101k\u013cos ar\u012b lauksaimnieku vajadz\u012bb\u0101m . <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monitor\u0113jam\u0101s kult\u016bras specifika.<\/strong> Katrai kult\u016brai da\u017e\u0101dos ve\u0123et\u0101cijas posmos ir sava specifika, t\u0101p\u0113c univers\u0101las metodes, kas \u013cautu vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161us r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju (indeksu) v\u0113rt\u012bbas attiecin\u0101t uz vis\u0101m teritorij\u0101m nav. Lai ar\u012b p\u0113t\u012bjumi notiek jau vair\u0101kus gadu 10, tom\u0113r v\u0113l arvien ir daudz dar\u0101m\u0101, lai izp\u0113t\u012btu likumsakar\u012bbas starp datiem, kas ieg\u016bti ar att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101s zond\u0113\u0161anas (no satel\u012bta, lidma\u0161\u012bnas vai drona) metod\u0113m un tie\u0161ajiem nov\u0113rojumiem uz zemes. Sam\u0113r\u0101 labi ir izp\u0113t\u012btas likumsakar\u012bbas no liela apjoma viena ve\u0123et\u0101cijas tipa laukiem, piem\u0113ram viena tipa me\u017ei, graudaugu lauki daudzu 100 Ha plat\u012bb\u0101, z\u0101l\u0101ji vai l\u012bdz\u012bgi objekti, kur ir lielas plat\u012bbas ar vienveid\u012bgu kult\u016bru un tipveida apstr\u0101di. Aug\u013cu \u2013 ogu d\u0101rzi un atkl\u0101t\u0101 lauka d\u0101rze\u0146i ir maz\u0101k p\u0113t\u012bti, jo \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos likumsakar\u012bbu atra\u0161ana ir daudz sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KOPSAVILKUMS<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Lai ar\u012b att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101 zond\u0113\u0161ana no Satel\u012bta tiek pielietota jau vair\u0101k k\u0101 50 gadus, tom\u0113r v\u0113l ir daudz ko dar\u012bt tehnolo\u0123iju att\u012bst\u012bbas un izp\u0113tes jom\u0101. Da\u017e\u0101di zemes virsmu, oke\u0101nu un klimatu raksturojo\u0161i indeksi ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ti vair\u0101ki desmiti. Tom\u0113r, v\u0113l arvien ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i maz p\u0113t\u012bjumu par to precizit\u0101ti da\u017e\u0101dos re\u0101los lauka apst\u0101k\u013cos. Analiz\u0113jot savu lauku ar att\u0101lin\u0101t\u0101s zond\u0113\u0161anas metod\u0113m j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 k\u0101 indeksus ietekm\u0113 re\u0123iona specifika, atmosf\u0113ras \u012bpatn\u012bbas, augsnes strukt\u016bra, augu tips un suga, k\u0101 ar\u012b daudzi citi faktori. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160ai nol\u016bk\u0101 ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ti da\u017e\u0101di indeksi un lauksaimniekam vai citam, kur\u0161 v\u0113las izmantot satel\u012bta datus sav\u0101 nozar\u0113 pa\u0161am ir j\u0101izm\u0113\u0123ina, kur\u0161 no tiem ir noder\u012bg\u0101kais<\/strong> !!! <\/strong>Piem\u0113ram nobriedu\u0161am graudu laukam b\u016bs zem\u0101kas NDVI v\u0113r\u012bbas, nek\u0101 za\u013cojo\u0161am \u0101be\u013cd\u0101rzam, bet tas nenoz\u012bm\u0113s, ka laukam noteikti ir probl\u0113mas. S\u0101kotn\u0113jie nov\u0113rojumi l\u012bdz \u0161im par\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i, ka aug\u013cu d\u0101rza anal\u012bzei piem\u0113rot\u0101ks ir EVI vai SAVI, bet piem\u0113ram kr\u016bmogul\u0101jiem, kas aug purv\u0101 lab\u0101k piem\u0113rots skats caur NDVI. Tas ko \u0161obr\u012bd dro\u0161i var noteikt ir “izmai\u0146as<\/strong>“. Ja k\u0101d\u0101 teritorijas da\u013c\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s netipiska “<\/em>kr\u0101sa” sal\u012bdzinot ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo, ir v\u0113rts piev\u0113rst \u0161ai vietai uzman\u012bbu. \u0160eit b\u016bt darbs ar\u012b zin\u0101tniekiem izstr\u0101d\u0101jot Latvijai specifiskus ve\u0123et\u0101cijas indeksus , piem. NDVI (NDVILV).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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pas\u016bt\u012bt<\/strong> sava lauka att\u0113lus<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ko dod un k\u0101 darbojas sava lauka, d\u0101rza vai me\u017ea nov\u0113ro\u0161ana no satel\u012bta ? Satel\u012bts dod iesp\u0113ju att\u0101lin\u0101ti ieg\u016bt inform\u0101ciju par ve\u0123et\u0101ciju, augsnes mitrumu, \u016bdens pietiekam\u012bbu augos, augsnes strukt\u016bru u.c. lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 un me\u017esaimniec\u012bb\u0101 izmantojam\u0101s zemes raksturlielumiem, kas var pal\u012bdz\u0113t l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101. No satel\u012bta ieg\u016btie att\u0113li un dati par attiec\u012bg\u0101s teritorijas sp\u0113j\u0101m absorb\u0113t vai atstarot saules […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1901,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4021","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4021"}],"version-history":[{"count":71,"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4021\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5279,"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4021\/revisions\/5279"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1901"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laas.lv\/agrilink\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}